Fatty Acid Dynamics Across Reproductive Stages in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to Optimize Oil Quality

The biochemical composition of sunflower seeds, particularly the fatty acid profile, significantly influences the quality and nutritional value of sunflower oil. This study examined the dynamics of oil content and fatty acid accumulation in high, mid and low oleic sunflower hybrids. Field experiments conducted in three replications using RCBD to observe morphological parameters, seed characteristics and fatty acid composition from anthesis to maturity. Results revealed that oleic and linoleic acid levels varied among hybrids due to genetic differences and temperature fluctuations during seed development. Despite differences in total oil content, all hybrids showed a steady increase in oil accumulation across growth stages, reflecting continuous biosynthesis. Notably, hybrids with high oleic acid content demonstrated a more consistent accumulation pattern, while mid and low oleic hybrids exhibited greater variability influenced by environmental conditions. The observed variations in oil content and oleic acid accumulation are attributed to the hybrids' unique genetic makeup and metabolic pathways. These findings highlight the critical post-anthesis stage as a sensitive period influencing fatty acid composition. Consequently, sunflower breeding and cultivation practices can be optimized to enhance oil content and nutritional quality by targeting this crucial growth phase. Understanding these dynamics is essential for developing sunflower hybrids with superior oil quality, catering to both nutritional and commercial demands.