Smart Infrastructure Systems: A Review of IoT-Enabled Monitoring and Automation in Civil and Agricultural Engineering

The Internet of Things (IoT) significantly influences the advancement of smart infrastructure systems in civil and agricultural engineering. IoT technologies have reshaped the management of urban infrastructure and agricultural operations through real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and automated control. In civil engineering, IoT sensors help monitor structural integrity, environmental conditions, and urban utilities, enhancing safety and efficiency in areas like traffic and waste management. IoT enhances agriculture through precision farming methods, including automatic irrigation, monitoring of crop and soil health, and resource optimization, leading to sustainable practices and increasing yields. This study analyzes IoT applications in rural and remote areas, focusing on the integration and challenges of IoT deployment. This also employs a case study approach to analyze IoT applications, highlighting key technological, economic, and policy challenges in remote and rural regions where connectivity and integration are critical. The findings suggest that IoT-driven infrastructure improves efficiency, sustainability, and resilience, but require more comprehensive analysis and integration in remote and rural areas. Future possibilities for IoT are discussed, focusing on advancements in edge computing, the use of renewable energy, and the development of smart rural infrastructure that meets both urban and agricultural needs. The paper urges for ongoing research and supportive policies that optimize the potential of IoT-integrated infrastructure systems, which are expected to improve efficiency, sustainability, and resilience in both sectors.