Drug Resistance in Anti-viral Medications: A Case Study of Human Immunodeficiency Virus

HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) is an ongoing challenge in the management of HIV, with global prevalence rising significantly since the widespread adoption of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Resistance mutations compromise treatment effectiveness, leading to virological failure and the transmission of resistant strains, including newly infected individuals. Pregnant women face heightened risks, as resistant strains complicate treatment options and increase the likelihood of vertical transmission. Addressing this issue is critical to sustaining the success of ART and advancing global HIV control efforts.

This review examines drug resistance in antiviral medications using HIV as a case study. A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and reports from WHO and UNAIDS, focusing on peer-reviewed publications from the past 20 years. Search terms included “HIV drug resistance,” “antiretroviral resistance,” and “mother-to-child transmission.” Articles were selected based on their relevance to resistance mechanisms, prevalence, and management strategies, ensuring a comprehensive analysis of the topic.

Findings indicate that HIVDR remains a barrier to effective treatment, driven by the virus’s high mutation rate and genetic diversity. Resistance has emerged across all major antiretroviral drug classes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where limited access to resistance testing and poor treatment adherence exacerbate the problem. Addressing HIVDR requires enhanced surveillance, the development of innovative therapies, and strategies to improve adherence and reduce selective pressure. Additionally, integrating resistance data into treatment guidelines and utilizing advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence can optimize treatment outcomes and support global HIV/AIDS control efforts.